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Veterinary Medicine
Lamness
Lameness in Small Animals
Clinical Observation and Physical Examination
Lameness Pain Management
Overview of Lameness in Cattle
Anatomy of the Bovine Distal Limb
Detection and Diagnosis of Lameness in Cattle
Epidemiology of Lameness in Cattle
Hoof-trimming program in cattle
Lameness originating in the hoof in cattle
Upper Limb Lameness in Cattle
Neurologic disorders and nerve injuries in cattle
lameness and musculoskeletal disorders in sheep
Lameness and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Goats
Lameness in Pigs
Lameness in Breeding Gilts, Sows, and Boars
Overview of Lameness in Horses
Lameness Examination in Horses
Diagnostic Anesthesia for Lameness Localization in Horses
Flexural Deformities, Osteochondrosis, and Physitis in horses
Disorders of the back and pelvis in horses
Equine carpal disorders
Equine Foot Disorders
Disorders of the Hip in Horses
Equine Metacarpal and Metatarsal Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Metabolic Storage Disorders and Inborn Errors
Production-Related Metabolic Disorders
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria and Protoporphyria
Hypocalcemia in Small Animals
Hypocalcemic Tetany in Horses
Eclampsia in Small Animals
Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Cattle and Sheep
Magnesium as an Equine Dietary Supplement
Subclinical Hypomagnesemia in Critically Ill Animals
Disorders of Phosphorus Metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Dairy Cows
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Hypokalemia in Adult Cattle
Hyperkalemia in Ruminants
Fever of Unknown Origin in Animals
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle
Pregnancy Toxemia in Cows
Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats
Hyperketonemia in Cattle
Malignant Hyperthermia
Parturient Paresis in Cows
Parturient Paresis in Sheep and Goats
Transport Tetany in Ruminants
Muscular Fatigue and Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During High-Intensity Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During Prolonged Exercise in Horses
Overtraining Syndrome in Horses
Prevention of Fatigue in Horses
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
Emergency
The Fluid Resuscitation Plan in Animals
Assessment of Resuscitation Efforts in Animals
Maintenance Fluid Plan in Animals
Trauma in Emergency Medicine in Small Animals
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Small Animals
First Aid and Transport of Small Animals
Receiving Area for Small Animal Emergency Patients
Initial Triage and Resuscitation of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Secondary Survey of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Acute Glaucoma in Small Animals
Overview of Ophthalmic Emergencies in Small Animals
Wound Management
Management of Specific Wounds in Small Animals
Drains in Wound Management of Small Animals
Wound Bandages and Dressings for Small Animals
Monitoring the Critically Ill Small Animal Using The Rule of 20
Surgical Techniques in Wound Management
Penetrating Intraocular Injuries
Anterior Uveitis
Animal Behavior
Decoding Animal Behavior
Diagnosis of Behavior Problems
Behavior Prognosis
Treatment of Behavior Problems
Social Behavior of Horses
Behavioral Problems of Horses
Social Behavior of Cattle
Behavioral Problems of Cattle
Social Behavior of Swine
Behavioral Problems of Swine
Social Behavior of Sheep
Behavioral Problems of Sheep
Social Behavior of Goats
Behavioral Problems of Goats
Social Behavior of Chickens
Behavioral Problems of Chickens
Social Behavior of Dogs
Behavioral Problems of Dogs
Social Behavior of Cats
Behavioral Problems of Cats
Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissues
Epidermal and Hair Follicle Tumors in Animals
Metastatic Tumors
Tumors of Melanocytic
Lymphocytic, Histiocytic, and Related Cutaneous
Undifferentiated and Anaplastic Sarcomas
Connective Tissue Tumors
Equine Sarcoids
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
Breeding Soundness Examination of Stallions
Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bucks
Breeding Soundness Examination of Male Dogs
Clinical Pathology
Collection and Submission of Laboratory Samples from Animals
Clinical Biochemistry
Clinical Discipline of Cytology
Diagnostic Procedures for the Private Practice Laboratory
Clinical Hematology
Antemortem Inspection of Production Animals
Urinalysis - Clinical Pathology and Procedures
Serologic Test Kits
Parasitology in Veterinary Practice
Computed Tomography (CT)
Overview of Diagnostic Imaging of Animals
Radiography of Animals
Ultrasonography in Animals
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animals
Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Animals
Dentistry
Dental Caries in Small Animals
Dentofacial Trauma in Small Animals
Developmental Abnormalities of the Mouth and Dentition in Small Animals
Endodontic Disease in Small Animals
Periodontal Disease in Small Animals
Tooth Resorption in Small Animals
Pituitary Gland in Animals
Acromegaly in cats
Diabetes Insipidus in Animals
Production Measures
Overview of Meat Inspection
Postmortem Inspection of Production Animals
General Condemnation of Production Animals
Inspection of Meat Processing
Sanitation and Food Safety
Prepurchase Examination of Horses
Prepurchase Examination of Ruminants and Swine
Reproduction
Labor and Delivery in Dogs and Cats
Infertility in Dogs and Cats
Periparturient Problems in Dogs and Cats
Postpartum Care in Dogs and Cats
Pregnancy Determination in Dogs and Cats
Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Dogs and Cats
Whelping and Queening in Dogs and Cats
Brain
Articles
Cell
What’s Inside a Cell?
Live Creatures
Extracellular Vesicles
Stem Cells
iPSCs
Eyes on the Future
Osteoarthritis
Cancer
New with TEA
Beata Halassy Self-treatment
خود درمانی دانشمند ویروس شناس
انقلابی در بینایی: اولین مطالعه بالینی پیوند قرنیه مشتق از سلولهای بنیادی
Take a deep breath of virus
Science With TEA
Home
Veterinary Medicine
Lamness
Lameness in Small Animals
Clinical Observation and Physical Examination
Lameness Pain Management
Overview of Lameness in Cattle
Anatomy of the Bovine Distal Limb
Detection and Diagnosis of Lameness in Cattle
Epidemiology of Lameness in Cattle
Hoof-trimming program in cattle
Lameness originating in the hoof in cattle
Upper Limb Lameness in Cattle
Neurologic disorders and nerve injuries in cattle
lameness and musculoskeletal disorders in sheep
Lameness and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Goats
Lameness in Pigs
Lameness in Breeding Gilts, Sows, and Boars
Overview of Lameness in Horses
Lameness Examination in Horses
Diagnostic Anesthesia for Lameness Localization in Horses
Flexural Deformities, Osteochondrosis, and Physitis in horses
Disorders of the back and pelvis in horses
Equine carpal disorders
Equine Foot Disorders
Disorders of the Hip in Horses
Equine Metacarpal and Metatarsal Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Metabolic Storage Disorders and Inborn Errors
Production-Related Metabolic Disorders
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria and Protoporphyria
Hypocalcemia in Small Animals
Hypocalcemic Tetany in Horses
Eclampsia in Small Animals
Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Cattle and Sheep
Magnesium as an Equine Dietary Supplement
Subclinical Hypomagnesemia in Critically Ill Animals
Disorders of Phosphorus Metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Dairy Cows
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Hypokalemia in Adult Cattle
Hyperkalemia in Ruminants
Fever of Unknown Origin in Animals
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle
Pregnancy Toxemia in Cows
Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats
Hyperketonemia in Cattle
Malignant Hyperthermia
Parturient Paresis in Cows
Parturient Paresis in Sheep and Goats
Transport Tetany in Ruminants
Muscular Fatigue and Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During High-Intensity Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During Prolonged Exercise in Horses
Overtraining Syndrome in Horses
Prevention of Fatigue in Horses
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
Emergency
The Fluid Resuscitation Plan in Animals
Assessment of Resuscitation Efforts in Animals
Maintenance Fluid Plan in Animals
Trauma in Emergency Medicine in Small Animals
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Small Animals
First Aid and Transport of Small Animals
Receiving Area for Small Animal Emergency Patients
Initial Triage and Resuscitation of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Secondary Survey of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Acute Glaucoma in Small Animals
Overview of Ophthalmic Emergencies in Small Animals
Wound Management
Management of Specific Wounds in Small Animals
Drains in Wound Management of Small Animals
Wound Bandages and Dressings for Small Animals
Monitoring the Critically Ill Small Animal Using The Rule of 20
Surgical Techniques in Wound Management
Penetrating Intraocular Injuries
Anterior Uveitis
Animal Behavior
Decoding Animal Behavior
Diagnosis of Behavior Problems
Behavior Prognosis
Treatment of Behavior Problems
Social Behavior of Horses
Behavioral Problems of Horses
Social Behavior of Cattle
Behavioral Problems of Cattle
Social Behavior of Swine
Behavioral Problems of Swine
Social Behavior of Sheep
Behavioral Problems of Sheep
Social Behavior of Goats
Behavioral Problems of Goats
Social Behavior of Chickens
Behavioral Problems of Chickens
Social Behavior of Dogs
Behavioral Problems of Dogs
Social Behavior of Cats
Behavioral Problems of Cats
Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissues
Epidermal and Hair Follicle Tumors in Animals
Metastatic Tumors
Tumors of Melanocytic
Lymphocytic, Histiocytic, and Related Cutaneous
Undifferentiated and Anaplastic Sarcomas
Connective Tissue Tumors
Equine Sarcoids
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
Breeding Soundness Examination of Stallions
Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bucks
Breeding Soundness Examination of Male Dogs
Clinical Pathology
Collection and Submission of Laboratory Samples from Animals
Clinical Biochemistry
Clinical Discipline of Cytology
Diagnostic Procedures for the Private Practice Laboratory
Clinical Hematology
Antemortem Inspection of Production Animals
Urinalysis - Clinical Pathology and Procedures
Serologic Test Kits
Parasitology in Veterinary Practice
Computed Tomography (CT)
Overview of Diagnostic Imaging of Animals
Radiography of Animals
Ultrasonography in Animals
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animals
Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Animals
Dentistry
Dental Caries in Small Animals
Dentofacial Trauma in Small Animals
Developmental Abnormalities of the Mouth and Dentition in Small Animals
Endodontic Disease in Small Animals
Periodontal Disease in Small Animals
Tooth Resorption in Small Animals
Pituitary Gland in Animals
Acromegaly in cats
Diabetes Insipidus in Animals
Production Measures
Overview of Meat Inspection
Postmortem Inspection of Production Animals
General Condemnation of Production Animals
Inspection of Meat Processing
Sanitation and Food Safety
Prepurchase Examination of Horses
Prepurchase Examination of Ruminants and Swine
Reproduction
Labor and Delivery in Dogs and Cats
Infertility in Dogs and Cats
Periparturient Problems in Dogs and Cats
Postpartum Care in Dogs and Cats
Pregnancy Determination in Dogs and Cats
Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Dogs and Cats
Whelping and Queening in Dogs and Cats
Brain
Articles
Cell
What’s Inside a Cell?
Live Creatures
Extracellular Vesicles
Stem Cells
iPSCs
Eyes on the Future
Osteoarthritis
Cancer
New with TEA
Beata Halassy Self-treatment
خود درمانی دانشمند ویروس شناس
انقلابی در بینایی: اولین مطالعه بالینی پیوند قرنیه مشتق از سلولهای بنیادی
Take a deep breath of virus
More
Home
Veterinary Medicine
Lamness
Lameness in Small Animals
Clinical Observation and Physical Examination
Lameness Pain Management
Overview of Lameness in Cattle
Anatomy of the Bovine Distal Limb
Detection and Diagnosis of Lameness in Cattle
Epidemiology of Lameness in Cattle
Hoof-trimming program in cattle
Lameness originating in the hoof in cattle
Upper Limb Lameness in Cattle
Neurologic disorders and nerve injuries in cattle
lameness and musculoskeletal disorders in sheep
Lameness and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Goats
Lameness in Pigs
Lameness in Breeding Gilts, Sows, and Boars
Overview of Lameness in Horses
Lameness Examination in Horses
Diagnostic Anesthesia for Lameness Localization in Horses
Flexural Deformities, Osteochondrosis, and Physitis in horses
Disorders of the back and pelvis in horses
Equine carpal disorders
Equine Foot Disorders
Disorders of the Hip in Horses
Equine Metacarpal and Metatarsal Disorders
Metabolic Diseases
Metabolic Storage Disorders and Inborn Errors
Production-Related Metabolic Disorders
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria and Protoporphyria
Hypocalcemia in Small Animals
Hypocalcemic Tetany in Horses
Eclampsia in Small Animals
Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Cattle and Sheep
Magnesium as an Equine Dietary Supplement
Subclinical Hypomagnesemia in Critically Ill Animals
Disorders of Phosphorus Metabolism
Hypophosphatemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Dairy Cows
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Hypokalemia in Adult Cattle
Hyperkalemia in Ruminants
Fever of Unknown Origin in Animals
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle
Pregnancy Toxemia in Cows
Pregnancy Toxemia in Sheep and Goats
Hyperketonemia in Cattle
Malignant Hyperthermia
Parturient Paresis in Cows
Parturient Paresis in Sheep and Goats
Transport Tetany in Ruminants
Muscular Fatigue and Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During High-Intensity Exercise in Horses
Fatigue During Prolonged Exercise in Horses
Overtraining Syndrome in Horses
Prevention of Fatigue in Horses
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
Emergency
The Fluid Resuscitation Plan in Animals
Assessment of Resuscitation Efforts in Animals
Maintenance Fluid Plan in Animals
Trauma in Emergency Medicine in Small Animals
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Small Animals
First Aid and Transport of Small Animals
Receiving Area for Small Animal Emergency Patients
Initial Triage and Resuscitation of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Secondary Survey of Small Animal Emergency Patients
Acute Glaucoma in Small Animals
Overview of Ophthalmic Emergencies in Small Animals
Wound Management
Management of Specific Wounds in Small Animals
Drains in Wound Management of Small Animals
Wound Bandages and Dressings for Small Animals
Monitoring the Critically Ill Small Animal Using The Rule of 20
Surgical Techniques in Wound Management
Penetrating Intraocular Injuries
Anterior Uveitis
Animal Behavior
Decoding Animal Behavior
Diagnosis of Behavior Problems
Behavior Prognosis
Treatment of Behavior Problems
Social Behavior of Horses
Behavioral Problems of Horses
Social Behavior of Cattle
Behavioral Problems of Cattle
Social Behavior of Swine
Behavioral Problems of Swine
Social Behavior of Sheep
Behavioral Problems of Sheep
Social Behavior of Goats
Behavioral Problems of Goats
Social Behavior of Chickens
Behavioral Problems of Chickens
Social Behavior of Dogs
Behavioral Problems of Dogs
Social Behavior of Cats
Behavioral Problems of Cats
Tumors of the Skin and Soft Tissues
Epidermal and Hair Follicle Tumors in Animals
Metastatic Tumors
Tumors of Melanocytic
Lymphocytic, Histiocytic, and Related Cutaneous
Undifferentiated and Anaplastic Sarcomas
Connective Tissue Tumors
Equine Sarcoids
Breeding Soundness Examination of the Male
Breeding Soundness Examination of Stallions
Breeding Soundness Examination of Rams
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls
Breeding Soundness Examination of Bucks
Breeding Soundness Examination of Male Dogs
Clinical Pathology
Collection and Submission of Laboratory Samples from Animals
Clinical Biochemistry
Clinical Discipline of Cytology
Diagnostic Procedures for the Private Practice Laboratory
Clinical Hematology
Antemortem Inspection of Production Animals
Urinalysis - Clinical Pathology and Procedures
Serologic Test Kits
Parasitology in Veterinary Practice
Computed Tomography (CT)
Overview of Diagnostic Imaging of Animals
Radiography of Animals
Ultrasonography in Animals
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animals
Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Animals
Dentistry
Dental Caries in Small Animals
Dentofacial Trauma in Small Animals
Developmental Abnormalities of the Mouth and Dentition in Small Animals
Endodontic Disease in Small Animals
Periodontal Disease in Small Animals
Tooth Resorption in Small Animals
Pituitary Gland in Animals
Acromegaly in cats
Diabetes Insipidus in Animals
Production Measures
Overview of Meat Inspection
Postmortem Inspection of Production Animals
General Condemnation of Production Animals
Inspection of Meat Processing
Sanitation and Food Safety
Prepurchase Examination of Horses
Prepurchase Examination of Ruminants and Swine
Reproduction
Labor and Delivery in Dogs and Cats
Infertility in Dogs and Cats
Periparturient Problems in Dogs and Cats
Postpartum Care in Dogs and Cats
Pregnancy Determination in Dogs and Cats
Prevention or Termination of Pregnancy in Dogs and Cats
Whelping and Queening in Dogs and Cats
Brain
Articles
Cell
What’s Inside a Cell?
Live Creatures
Extracellular Vesicles
Stem Cells
iPSCs
Eyes on the Future
Osteoarthritis
Cancer
New with TEA
Beata Halassy Self-treatment
خود درمانی دانشمند ویروس شناس
انقلابی در بینایی: اولین مطالعه بالینی پیوند قرنیه مشتق از سلولهای بنیادی
Take a deep breath of virus
Upper Limb Lameness in Cattle
General Clinical Overview
Epidemiology:
This form of lameness is
more common in beef cattle
than in dairy cattle.
Diagnostic Difficulty:
Identifying the cause of upper leg lameness is significantly
more difficult
than lower limb cases.
Ancillary Testing:
Diagnosis typically requires advanced tools such as
radiography and ultrasonography
.
Prognosis:
Overall prognosis is generally
poor
, meaning surgical intervention is usually reserved for valuable breeding or show animals.
Primary Care: Conservative treatment
(rest and NSAIDs) is the standard approach; if unresponsive, euthanasia or culling is recommended.
Hock (Tarsus) and Knee (Carpus) Injuries:
Pathogenesis:
These injuries result from
friction and repeated rubbing
on hard, abrasive, or wet surfaces in resting areas.
Risk Factors:
Highly associated with
confined dairy housing
, suboptimal stall design, and insufficient bedding.
Clinical Presentation:
Ranges from hair loss and scabs to
severe swelling and open wounds
with purulent discharge.
Prevention and Care:
Improving
cow comfort
is essential; animals should be moved to deeply bedded, non-abrasive lying areas.
Stifle Injuries:
Anatomical Targets:
Commonly involves the
cruciate ligaments, the meniscus, or the patella
.
Pathogenesis:
Typically results from
traumatic events
like slipping, falling, or mounting.
Specific Diagnostic Signs:
Cranial Cruciate Ligament Injury:
Identified by a clicking sound and a
cranial drawer sign
.
Patellar Luxation:
The animal is
unable to extend the stifle
.
Upward Fixation of the Patella:
Results in a locked, extended limb.
Management:
Treatment is typically conservative (confinement and prolonged NSAIDs), as prognosis is generally
guarded to poor
.
Hip Injuries:
Common Conditions: Coxofemoral luxation
(craniodorsal or cranioventral) and fractures of the tuber coxae or femoral head.
Clinical Signs:
Luxations may present as a
"dropped-hip" appearance
or cause the animal to become "down".
Management:
Prevention:
Focus on
secure footing
and avoiding aggressive handling.
Treatment:
Successful recovery is more favorable in
younger animals
; conservative treatment may work if initiated within 48 hours.
Joint Diseases:
Noninfectious Disease:
Includes
osteochondrosis, degenerative joint disease, and osteoarthritis
; these are infrequently diagnosed in cattle.
Septic Arthritis:
Cause:
Microorganisms entering the joint via
sepsis
(e.g., navel ill) or penetrating wounds.
Signs:
Severe, acute pain with joints that are
swollen, warm, and painful
to the touch.
Treatment:
Requires managing both the infection and pain through
joint lavage
and extended antimicrobial/NSAID administration.
Muscular Ruptures:
Gastrocnemius Tear:
The animal is
unable to rise
, and the hock touches the ground when they attempt to stand.
Fibularis Tertius Tear:
The animal can flex the stifle while the
hock remains fully extended
.
Outcome:
Treatment for gastrocnemius tears is generally unrewarding, making
euthanasia
the most common course of action.
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