Overview of Lameness in Cattle

Definition: A measurable clinical sign of pain affecting the locomotor system.
The Clinical Cascade:
- Nociception: Pain originates in the locomotor system.
- Kinematic Alteration: Development of abnormal movement patterns.
- Postural Compensation: Abnormal stance and weight distribution to alleviate pain.

Direct Hoof Origins (70% – 90% of cases): The vast majority of lameness involves hoof lesions.
Proximal Origins (Minority of cases):
- Trauma.
- Arthritis.
- Muscular Ruptures.
- Neurologic Diseases.

Infectious Etiology (External/Environmental): Pathogens attacking external structures and interdigital spaces.
- Examples: Digital Dermatitis, Foot Rot, Heel Horn Erosion, Interdigital Dermatitis.
Noninfectious Etiology (Internal/Mechanical): Internal mechanical failures, horn disruptions, and structural deformities.

- Hoof Horn Disruption Lesions: Sole Hemorrhages, Sole Ulcers, White Line Disease.
- Structural Failures: Toe ulcers/necrosis, thin soles, corkscrew claw, fissures, interdigital hyperplasia, deep digital sepsis.

Animal Welfare: Classified as a severe welfare issue; leads to deteriorated well-being and reduced longevity.
Public/Consumer Impact: Drives concerns regarding ethical treatment and lifecycle management in commercial cattle.
Economic Fallout (Dairy): Decreased milk yield, reproductive performance, and body condition; higher risk of culling and death.
Economic Fallout (Beef): Decreased market value, mortality, and labor costs for treatment.
Cost Multipliers: Incidence, Severity, and Duration.

Primary Risk Vectors: Environment, Management, and the Individual Cow.
Industry Drivers:
- Beef Industry: Handling, restraint, and transportation lead to musculoskeletal injuries and Foot Rot.
- Dairy Industry: Confinement and prolonged standing lead to Digital Dermatitis, Sole Ulcers, and White Line Disease.
Management Goal: Reducing mechanical or infectious hoof failures to prevent compound economic and welfare losses.

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