Lameness in Small Animals

Musculoskeletal disorders in small animals primarily manifest through weakness, lameness, limb swelling, and joint dysfunction. These conditions are not always isolated; for instance, neuromuscular lesions can lead to secondary motor or sensory neurologic impairment. Furthermore, abnormalities within the musculoskeletal system can have far-reaching effects, potentially impacting the endocrine, urinary, digestive, hemolymphatic, and cardiopulmonary systems. 

The primary goal of evaluating musculoskeletal disease is to localize and define the specific lesion(s). A successful diagnosis relies on several foundational elements:

• Signalment and History: An accurate review of the animal’s background and medical history.

• Physical Status: A thorough assessment of the animal's current physical condition.

• Lameness Examination: This is described as a critical component for determining a final diagnosis.

To support the physical examination, veterinarians utilize a variety of ancillary and advanced testing methods:

• Standard Ancillary Tests: These include common imaging and laboratory procedures such as radiography, ultrasonography, arthrocentesis (joint fluid aspiration), diagnostic arthroscopy, arthrography, electromyography, and tissue biopsy with histopathologic examination.

• Advanced Diagnostic Imaging: For detecting subtle lesions that may not be visible through standard methods, advanced techniques are increasingly employed in referral and university settings. These include CT scans, MRI, and bone scans (nuclear scintigraphy).