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These are emergency injuries where an object traverses the ocular tunics, frequently affecting dogs and cats.
These are emergency injuries where an object traverses the ocular tunics, frequently affecting dogs and cats.
Etiology and Common Causes are 1) Biological/Environmental: Cat claw injuries (most frequent) and plant materials like cactus & 2) Projectiles: Lead pellets and bullets.
Etiology and Common Causes are 1) Biological/Environmental: Cat claw injuries (most frequent) and plant materials like cactus & 2) Projectiles: Lead pellets and bullets.
Lens Involvement and Sequelae:
Lens Involvement and Sequelae:
- Vulnerability: Lens laceration and rupture is a common result of cat claw injuries, especially in young dogs.
- Critical Risks:
- Development of cataracts.
- Severe, uncontrollable uveitis, particularly if bacteria are implanted into the lens.
- Escape of lens material can lead to secondary glaucoma and phthisis bulbi.
- Feline Specific Risk: Potential for traumatic lens-induced sarcoma if the lens capsule is involved.
Diagnostic Procedures:
Diagnostic Procedures:
- Visual Examination:
- Dilated exam using tropicamide or atropine to view the lens and posterior segment.
- Assessment using retroillumination and a slit beam.
- Clinical Testing:
- Seidel Test: Uses fluorescein stain to check for active aqueous humor leakage.
- Cytology and Cultures: Aerobic bacterial and fungal cultures for chronic or clinically infected wounds.
- Imaging:
- Ophthalmic ultrasonography to assess tissue integrity.
- Orbital radiology to locate pellets or bullets.
Treatment and Management:
Treatment and Management:
- Medical Therapy: Many cases can be managed with:
- Topical and systemic broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
- Topical mydriatics (e.g., atropine).
- Systemic corticosteroids or NSAIDs.
- Surgical Referral: Referral to an ophthalmologist should always be offered for potential surgical repair.
- Supportive Care: The patient must be kept quiet and wear an Elizabethan collar (E-collar) to prevent self-trauma.
Prognosis:
Prognosis:
- Good Prognosis: If the injury involves only the cornea.
- Guarded Prognosis:
- If the posterior segment is involved (e.g., vitreous/retinal hemorrhage or large retinal detachments).
- If there is concurrent lens capsule rupture with posterior segment involvement.
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