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Core Objectives and Stakeholders
Core Objectives and Stakeholders
• Purpose: To provide assurance to purchasers, sellers, and health officials that animals are healthy and will not introduce disease into a new herd or area.
• Purpose: To provide assurance to purchasers, sellers, and health officials that animals are healthy and will not introduce disease into a new herd or area.
• Target Species: Cattle, sheep, goats, cervids, and swine.
• Target Species: Cattle, sheep, goats, cervids, and swine.
• Stakeholders:
• Stakeholders:
◦ The Purchaser and Seller: Seeking assurance of health and value.
◦ The Purchaser and Seller: Seeking assurance of health and value.
◦ Animal Health Officials: State and federal regulators ensuring biosecurity.
◦ Animal Health Officials: State and federal regulators ensuring biosecurity.
Regulatory Compliance and Documentation
Regulatory Compliance and Documentation
• Domestic (US) Requirements:
• Domestic (US) Requirements:
◦ Every state has unique health requirements for legal animal movement.
◦ Every state has unique health requirements for legal animal movement.
◦ Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI): Necessary for movement; may require additional permit numbers or health statements.
◦ Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI): Necessary for movement; may require additional permit numbers or health statements.
◦ Disease Status: Requirements may be waived if the state of origin or the specific herd/flock is officially declared free of diseases like brucellosis, tuberculosis, or pseudorabies.
◦ Disease Status: Requirements may be waived if the state of origin or the specific herd/flock is officially declared free of diseases like brucellosis, tuberculosis, or pseudorabies.
• Identification (ID):
• Identification (ID):
◦ Official identification is mandatory for each animal.
◦ Official identification is mandatory for each animal.
◦ RFID devices and electronic CVIs are preferred for reducing paperwork time.
◦ RFID devices and electronic CVIs are preferred for reducing paperwork time.
• International Movement:
• International Movement:
◦ World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): Sets global standards for the movement of animals and products.
◦ World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): Sets global standards for the movement of animals and products.
◦ USDA Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC): Must endorse most CVIs before animals leave the US for a foreign destination.
◦ USDA Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC): Must endorse most CVIs before animals leave the US for a foreign destination.
• Consequences of Non-compliance: Improper documentation leads to quarantine, detention, or refusal at borders; in rare cases, euthanasia may occur due to disease risk.
• Consequences of Non-compliance: Improper documentation leads to quarantine, detention, or refusal at borders; in rare cases, euthanasia may occur due to disease risk.
Professional Responsibilities of the Veterinarian
Professional Responsibilities of the Veterinarian
• Accreditation: The USDA accredited veterinarian is responsible for certifying that animals show no signs of infectious or communicable diseases.
• Accreditation: The USDA accredited veterinarian is responsible for certifying that animals show no signs of infectious or communicable diseases.
• Relationship to Client:
• Relationship to Client:
◦ The veterinarian typically works for the person paying the fee (usually the buyer), who is entitled to all information gathered.
◦ The veterinarian typically works for the person paying the fee (usually the buyer), who is entitled to all information gathered.
◦ Costs must be disclosed before inspection.
◦ Costs must be disclosed before inspection.
• Reporting and Decisions:
• Reporting and Decisions:
◦ Veterinarians supply information and identify abnormalities; the decision to purchase belongs solely to the buyer.
◦ Veterinarians supply information and identify abnormalities; the decision to purchase belongs solely to the buyer.
◦ Written records are essential for future reference, though a veterinarian may choose not to provide a formal written report due to potential legal action.
◦ Written records are essential for future reference, though a veterinarian may choose not to provide a formal written report due to potential legal action.
The Three Parts of the Examination
The Three Parts of the Examination
1. Obtaining a History
1. Obtaining a History
• Sources: Questioning the seller, examining seller records, and observing herd management conditions.
• Sources: Questioning the seller, examining seller records, and observing herd management conditions.
• Identification Verification: Confirming breed, sex, age, color, markings, and official ID (ear tags, brands, tattoos) against registration papers.
• Identification Verification: Confirming breed, sex, age, color, markings, and official ID (ear tags, brands, tattoos) against registration papers.
• Breeding Pedigree and Health:
• Breeding Pedigree and Health:
◦ Consider records of the sire and dam, including heritable defects and causes of death.
◦ Consider records of the sire and dam, including heritable defects and causes of death.
◦ Examine the individual’s fertility and the herd of origin's reproductive history for disorders.
◦ Examine the individual’s fertility and the herd of origin's reproductive history for disorders.
• Medical History:
• Medical History:
◦ Review previous diseases, injuries, surgeries, and vaccination types/dates.
◦ Review previous diseases, injuries, surgeries, and vaccination types/dates.
◦ Identify if the animal received drugs or medication that could alter its health state; assays may be needed if history is unclear.
◦ Identify if the animal received drugs or medication that could alter its health state; assays may be needed if history is unclear.
2. Clinical Examination
2. Clinical Examination
• Scope: A comprehensive evaluation of all areas of the body and its functions.
• Scope: A comprehensive evaluation of all areas of the body and its functions.
• Objective: To establish the current health status of each body system.
• Objective: To establish the current health status of each body system.
3. Special Examinations and Diagnostic Procedures
3. Special Examinations and Diagnostic Procedures
• Requirement Drivers: Based on findings from the clinical exam, specific requests from the buyer/seller, or destination requirements.
• Requirement Drivers: Based on findings from the clinical exam, specific requests from the buyer/seller, or destination requirements.
• Vaccinations: Often required before movement if a disease is endemic in the purchaser's area but not the seller's.
• Vaccinations: Often required before movement if a disease is endemic in the purchaser's area but not the seller's.
• Breeding Soundness Examination: A mandatory component for any male animal purchased specifically for breeding purposes.
• Breeding Soundness Examination: A mandatory component for any male animal purchased specifically for breeding purposes.
Important Note on Decisions: The responsibility of the veterinarian is to supply information and identify abnormalities; the prospective purchaser must make the final decision whether to purchase. The purchaser also has the right to select a second veterinarian for an additional inspection.
Important Note on Decisions: The responsibility of the veterinarian is to supply information and identify abnormalities; the prospective purchaser must make the final decision whether to purchase. The purchaser also has the right to select a second veterinarian for an additional inspection.
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